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These models are required to be calibrated so that the predictions made by calibrated HDM-4 models represent the specific local ground conditions. There are seven exhaust emission models (for different components like hydro carbon, carbon monoxide, particulate emissions etc.) available within HDM-4. Exhaust emissions are one of the important outputs of vehicular performance models that are helpful in assessing viability of investment options and environment impact assessment activities. This tool has inbuilt pavement performance prediction models, vehicular performance models and economic analysis tools. Wireless Personal Communications, 76(2), 125–147.AbstractThe Highway Development and Management-4 (HDM-4) tool has been widely used for the pavement management activities across the world. Infrastructure for intelligent automation services in the smart grid.
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In Proceedings of XXIInd PIARC world road congress (pp. Adapting the HDM-4 to expressways in Japan. Volume V: A guide to calibration and adaptation.
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In Proceedings of transportation research board conference (pp. Calibration of fuel consumption model in HDM-4 model: An application to observed consumption in Canada and Chile. Proceedings of the ICE Transport, 161(1), 23–35.Īltamira, A., de Solminihac, H., Harrison, R., & Covarrubias, J. Energy balance framework for appraising road projects. Downsizing a gasoline engine using turbocharging with direct injection. Developments and constraints in 802.11-based roadside-to-vehicle communications.
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Journal of Korea Atmospheric Engineering, 506–512. Observation of climate change in korea during the past four decades. Wireless Personal Communications, 85(1), 49–62. Cooperative context data acquisition and dissemination for situation identification in vehicular communication networks. Kurmis, M., Andziulis, A., Dzemydiene, D., Jakovlev, S., Voznak, M., & Gricius, G. Wireless Personal Communications, 83(1), 259–280. A V2I-based real-time traffic density estimation system in urban scenarios. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 133(2), 124–126.īarrachina, J., Garrido, P., Fogue, M., Martinez, F. Estimating the effects of traffic congestion on fuel consumption and vehicle emissions based on acceleration noise. A paradigm shift from vehicular ad hoc networks to VANET-based clouds. In HDM- 4: Highway Development and Management, the Highway Development and Management Series, World Road Association (PIARC) (pp. HDM-4 volume four: Analytical framework and model descriptions. In ISOHDM World Road Association (PIARC) (pp. Volume 5: HDM-4 calibration reference manual. Therefore, it is reasonable to regard that the difference in aerodynamic resistance has been reflected to the two calibration factors.īennett, C. In case of HDM4, however, separate calibration factors are not provided for aerodynamic resistance. Therefore, it appears that the calibration factors would further decrease over time. Latest cars are lower than HDM4 models in terms of tractive resistance and power loss with more efficient fuel economy. By this calibration method the factors for driving resistance ranged from 0.13 to 0.30. The calibration for the fuel consumption of HDM4 is performed by measuring fuel consumption for round trips on two flat and straight roads at several steady speeds for a short period. This paper has proposed a fuel consumption testing method for quick and easy determination of the calibration factors in HDM4 VOC calculation. The vehicles which are released after the calibration factors are determined or those with new technology could be low in terms of fuel consumption. In conventional HDM4 calibration, calibration factors are determined by the average fuel consumption which has been measured for various vehicles for long period. The necessary data such as weather condition, traffic volume, running speed, road curvature and road gradient should be input to calculate fuel consumption in HDM4.
HDM 4 MODEL EMISSIONS SOFTWARE
HDM4 developed by Worldbank is the calculation software which is widely used in estimating various costs such as highway construction cost and vehicle operating cost (VOC).